Paul Broca and Magnetism

Pierre Paul Broca, Dr. Broca, is recognized in medical circles for being a major contributor to the field. Child prodigy, he was a great French surgeon and anthropologist. But there is an absolutely unknown facet of his experiences, linked to Mesmer's Magnetism (read “Mesmer: the negated science of Animal Magnetism”, by Paulo Henrique de Figueiredo), at that time known only by one of his “children”: hypnotism.

Addressing the experiences of several renowned scientists and doctors of the time, Allan Kardec – himself – presents, in the Revista Espírita of January 1860, the article “magnetism towards academia“, of which we highlight the following parts:

“Mr. Azam, substitute professor of clinical surgery at the Bordeaux School of Medicine, having successfully repeated Dr. Braid's experiments, exchanged ideas with Dr. Paul Broca, who imagined that hypnotized people were perhaps insensitive to the pain of surgical operations. The letter you have just addressed to the Academy of Sciences is a summary of your experiences in this regard.

“First of all, he had to assure himself of the reality of hypnotism, which he achieved without difficulty.

“Visiting a lady of around forty years old, somewhat hysterical, and who was bedridden due to a slight indisposition, Dr. Broca pretended that he wanted to examine the patient's eyes and asked her to stare at a small golden bottle that he was holding about fifteen centimeters away. from the root of the nose. After three minutes his eyes became a little red, his features were still, his responses were slow and difficult, but perfectly rational. Dr. Broca lifted the patient's arm and it remained in the left position; he positioned his fingers in the most extreme situations and they kept them; He pinched the skin in several places, with some force, and, apparently, the patient felt nothing. Catalepsy, insensitivity! Dr. Broca did not continue with the experiment, as it had already taught him what he wanted to know. A rub on the eyes and a blow of cold air on the forehead brought the patient to a normal state. She had no memory of what had happened.

“It remained to be seen whether hypnotic insensitivity would withstand the test of surgical operations.

“Among the patients at the Necker Hospital, in Dr. Follin's service, was a poor lady of 24 years old, victim of an extensive burn on her back and both right limbs and an extremely painful abscess. The smallest movements were an ordeal for him. Exhausted by suffering and, moreover, very pusillanimous, this unfortunate woman thought with terror about the operation that was necessary. It was there that, according to Dr. Follin, Dr. Broca decided to complete the hypnotism test.

“They put her on a bed in front of the window, preventing her from going to sleep. After two minutes his pupils dilated. They raised his left arm almost vertically above the bed and he remained motionless. In the fourth minute his responses are slow and almost painful, but perfectly sensible. Fifth minute: Dr. Follin pinches the skin on her left arm and the patient does not accuse him; new, deeper bite, which produces blood, and the same impassivity. They raise their right arm, which remains in the air. Then the covers are lifted and the lower limbs moved away, to reveal the seat of the abscess. The patient consents and calmly says that, without a doubt, they will hurt her. Once the abscess is opened, he lets out a weak scream. It was the only sign of reaction, and it lasted less than a second. Not the slightest tremor of muscles in the face or limbs, nor a movement in the arms, always elevated vertically above the bed. The slightly bloodshot eyes were wide open and the face had the immobility of a mask...

“Lifted, the left foot is suspended. They take away the shiny object, a spyglass, and the catalepsy persists. For the third time they sting her left arm, the blood bubbles and the operated woman feels nothing. For 13 minutes, the arm has kept the position it was given.

“Finally, a rub on the eyes and a breath of fresh air awaken the young lady almost suddenly. Relaxed, the arms and left leg immediately fall onto the bed. She rubs her eyes, regains consciousness, remembers nothing and is surprised that they had operated on her. The experience had lasted 18 to 20 minutes. The period of anesthesia, from 12 to 15.

“Such are, in summary, the essential facts reported by Dr. Broca to the Academy of Sciences. They are no longer isolated. A large number of surgeons in our hospitals have had the honor of repeating them, and have done so successfully. The objective of Dr. Broca and his illustrious colleagues was, and should be, surgical. Let us hope that, as a means of provoking insensitivity, hypnotism has all the advantages of anesthetic agents, without having their drawbacks. But Medicine is not our domain and, in order not to deviate from its responsibilities, our Journal must only consider the fact from a physiological point of view.

KARDEC, Allan. Spiritist Magazine of January 1861.